The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia Annotated Bibliography

The Incorporation of Immigrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia (Style is Annals of the Associatio n of American Geographers , AAAG) - Annotated Bibliography Example The organization is among the leading immigration law firms in the USA. The article provides detailed information on the rights of an immigrant in the USA. This information is useful in comparing and contrasting what happens in Saudi Arabia and hints at how Saudi Arabia may integrate immigrants physically and culturally. This popular website lists down a number of rights that are related to immigrants such as, entitlement to pay for full time work and overtime for every extra hours taken, this is regardless of the employees legal status. Other rights listed by this website include upholding o fair treatment at work without detention against someone’s will, no confiscation of documents as the employee retains the right to keep their documents and even right to refuse unlawful search and arrest that is without warrant signedby a judge. This website is relevant as it aids in comparing immigrant status between the two countries (Immigrant rights in USA). This website is designed to give detailed statistical information of countries and cities. It gives the population of Saudi Arabia in a clearly and provides up to date information. It also details the percentage of immigrants in the land. This popular website estimates immigrant population in Saudi Arabia to be about 31 percent of the total population with a migration rate of 0.59 for every 1000 people. It lists countries with highest immigrant in Saudi Arabia to be India, Pakistan and Egypt respectively. Quoted in the article is the significant decline of Yemenis in the country as about 800 thousand were thrown out of the country. Exposed also is that certain nationalities are forbidden from entering the country these include Palestinians and Israelites (population of foreigners in Saudi Arabia). Both Simon and Lynch are professors at the Department of Justice and society at the American University. The book gives an insight into

President of Omega Essay Example for Free

President of Omega Essay Stephen Urquhart, Swiss and British citizen, who studied Industrial Management at the University of Neuchà ¢tel, has been a member of the Extended Group Management Board since 2000 and is President of Omega. Mr Urquhart began his career at Omega in 1968. From 1974 to 1997 he pursued his career with Audemars Piguet, where he became Joint Chairman and Delegate of the Board of Directors from 1989 onwards. Mr Urquhart returned to Swatch Group in 1997 as President of Blancpain Luxury Watch Industry Luxury watch industry is completely dominated by Switzerland which contributes almost 100 percent of market value. The major exports market includes United States, France, Germany, Italy United Kingdom. Rolex dominates the luxury watch market followed by Tag Heuer, Omega, Cartier, Bulgari Longi Brand Strategies Today , seven out of ten people throughout the world are familiar with the OMEGA watch brand. Most luxury brands will integrate themselves with some projects or activities to set up their continual image PRODUCT LINE Other than watches Omega has other products like, Jewellery, Leather Goods Fragrance. First watch on the moon The Omega Speedmaster, or moonwatch selected by NASA for all the Apollo missions. The Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the first watch on the Moon, worn by buzz aldrin Although Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong was first to set foot on the moon, he left his 105.012 Speedmaster inside the Lunar Module as a backup because the LMs electronic timer had malfunctioned. Buzz Aldrin elected to wear his and so his Speedmaster became the first watch to be worn on the moon. Armstrongs watch is now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Aldrins is lost. He mentions in his book, Return to Earth, that when donating several items to the Smithsonian Institution, his Omega was one of the few things that was stolen from his personal effects. In 2007, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph, the Omega company unveiled the commemorative Speedmaster Professional Chronograph Moonwatch. The watch had the distinctive features of the first hand-winding Omega Speedmaster introduced in 1957. It was sold in an edition of 5,957 Omega in Olympic . Omega has been responsible for the timekeeping of the world’s most prestigious sporting events, including 25 Olympic Games, and also for the development of the equipment which has ensured that the technology has kept pace with ever-better performances. Omega is active in a lot of different domain with its ambassadors. Overall 7 different domains for 14 celebrities. It shows that omega is trying to reach every segment without being involved in one. Among the attributes territories are well defined such as, show business for beauty, surf sailing for hedonism, motor sports and swimming for victory. Golf is used for both for the hedonistic and the victory attributes. This coherence can may be help the customer to understand the communication better. The majority of the advertisements picture male young adults. This shows that Omega really tries to increase recognition on this segment. Therefore communication is aimed at youth. One is a star today and tomorrow is forgotten. Brand is phenomenon that should find its roots in duration, which is pretty much the opposite of fashion. Therefore, omega rightly chooses to use multiple endorsement in order to avoid dependence on the ambassadors and diversify its risk of a bad celebrity away. Pri cing Strategy

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay Honey is a sticky solution which is made by worker honeybees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a plant exudation that is gathered by honeybees and combined with certain secretion for the purpose of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of honey is flower nectar which, after collection , is modified and stored in honeycombes in order to be used as nourishment for the young brood.2 Chronic wound treatment is expensive and complicated. It is estimated that 1% of the population of both the United Kingdom and United States have a chronic ulcer, in the company of wound treatment price in Britain only approximately about 1 billion pound per year. The chronic healing is always excruciating, malodorous gate for expansionist infection and a potential repository for antibiotic resistant bacteria.3 Its difficult for patients to endure chronic lesions for a long time and this could have effect on the patients quality of life, work prospects, relationships, and continual pain. Zumla and Lulat ( 1982 ) described that the ancient Egyptians remembered employment of honey in 500 of 900 remedies. Hippocrates recognized the worth of honey as a unit of the diet, mix it with vinegar for pain, water for thirst, and water with different other medical substances for acute fever.4 There are many study conducted and shown successful result in several types of wounds. Chronic wounds are casing high incidence of hospital admission and the development of biofilms that inhabits the healing in this wounds. Pseudomonas argonosa one of the main bacteria that dalliances in the chronic wound healing. Manuka honey has approve to be the therapeutic treatment among the ether type of honey which inhabits the development of the biofilms in infected wounds. In this study, I have compared between microtiter plate and Calgary plate and there effectiveness preventive and inhibition of manuka honey. I believe that they were many patients in Oman who have diabetic chronic wound and there are not getting good results for their cases which end them with imputative lamps. I have selected this topics because that the use of manuka honey will contribute enhancing the wound healing in chronic wounds. Treatment of wounds using honey: The medical letters on medicating wounds with honey has been consulted recently in expert wound-care journals, with a concentrate on the medical indication and the clinical face. In this stage, scientists are considered on the therapeutic effects notice when honey is taken as a wound dressing.5 There were many reports in the medical journals that show the different type of wounds has been treated successfully with honey: abrasions, fistula, amputations, foot ulcers in lepers, abscesses , infected wounds arising from arising from trauma, bed sores, large septic wounds, burns, burst abdominal wounds following caesarean delivery, leg ulcers, malignant ulcers, sickle cell ulcers, skin ulcers, cancrum, cervical ulcers, surgical wounds, chilblains, cracked nipples, cuts, tropical ulcers ,wounds to the abdominal wall and perineum, varicose ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and other diabetic ulcers.5 Honey can generate a moist wound environment and can prevent or clear existing wound infections. Its can derided wounds and remove malodour, it reduces oedema and exudates, prevents and minimises hypertrophic scarring and hastens healing. Some honeys are available in the form of sterile product licensed for the use in wound care in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, New Zealand ant the USA.6 The type of honey which is normally used in the modern products is prepared specifically for wound management. It should be filtered, gamma irradiated and CE marked. The quantity of honey which can be used in the dressing is enough to cover the wound surface or fill the cavity or sinus, although It can overlap the wound margins. In the UK, wound treat honey is available in liquid form, in simple dressing form ( tulle or pad ) or in alginate dressings and the dressing may need to be changed daily initially until the level of exudates reduces with time the period between dressing changes can be extended. PROPERTEES OF CHRONIC WOUNDS: The process of acute wound healing has been divided into four steps: coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation and repair of the matrix, and epithelialization and remodeling. The signs of an infected wound are : tumor, rubor, dolor, calor, and function laesa. Other standard have been suggested, like less transcutaneous oxygen tension ( TcPO2 ), presence of necrotic tissue, foul order, pan, wound break down, or simply lack of healing. The clinical endpoint for infection has been proposed: if Ë‚ 105 bacteria/g tissue are present, the wound is colonized whereas above 105 bacteria/g tissue it is infected. The susceptibility of colonizing bacteria to generate themselves and proliferate in a biofilm due to the weak of successful antibiotic therapy. Chronic wounds divide into various groups such as venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Each group has their specific principles for treatment based on current knowledge of pathogenesis. Venous leg ulcers are accelerate by malfunction of venous valves causing venous hypertension in the crural veins, raised pressure in capillaries, and edema. Venous pressure more than 45mmHg inevitably leads to development of a leg ulcer. The therapy of the venous leg ulcer is compression, which often heals the ulcer. Repetitive load of the neurophatic is the main cause of diabetic foot ulcer and usually ischemic foot and treatment is offloading and restoration of circulation. Pressure ulcers are produced by sustained or repetitive load on usually vulnerable areas such as the sciatic tuberculum, sacral region, heels, and shoulders in th e immobilized patient. Medicament is pressure relief with discharge mattresses, cushion seats, and ambulation of the patient. Chronic wounds in the form of to be stuck in the inflammatory step characterized by a continuing influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) that lanch cytotoxic enzymes, free oxygen radicals, and inflammatory brokers that cause wide collateral harm to the host tissue. The two responses cellular and humoral have a part in the inflammatory methed of chronic wounds. In the infection, (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) are detected in high amounts in chronic wounds. MMPs belong to a family of zincdependent endoproteinases that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They are maked by several different cells, for instance fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils, but in particular the PMNs. MMP production is stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell contact. The MMPs participate in the first stage of the wound-healing process, by throw devitalized tissue, and are therefore believed to play an important role in normal wound healing and remodeling. As for the repair stage, MMPs are important for angiogenesis, wound matrix contraction, migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and epithelialization. However, many papers proposed that elevated levels of active MMPs impair wound healing. Consequently, wound care items have been developed that aim at relieving the supposedly disadvantage effects of elevated MMPs in order to promote healing. In especially, infections with P. aeruginosa show altered amount of MMPs and MMP-regulating cytokines. Additionally, there are rarely any reports on antibody evolution against P. aeruginosa, with specific reference to chronic wounds.16 Pseudomonas argonosa biofilm cells Bacterial biofilms are polycellular communities in which cells are an integral component within an extracellular matrix at close vicinity to one another. Biofilms are after linked to solid surfaces but they converse to multicellular aggregates, flocks and grauls hanging in the aqueous phase in many habitats. It may produce foul, green-pigmented discharge and necrosis.7 Also they can be assimilation by single species or mixed species consortia. They are some figure of definite features are required for the type of biofilm formation : 1 Attachment to the involving particular agglutinant proteins. 2 Cell to cell binding involving proteins,extra-cellular DNA and polysaccharide in order for the cells to resist the hydrodynamic forces. 3 Cell motility to enable the cells to crawl on the surface. The bulk of P.aeruginosa biofilm cells even at the early stage express a type that is recollecting of gene expression seen in the early stationary phase of planktonic cells by analysis based of transcriptomics. This would in part demonstrate the high tolerance to antibiotics since a lot of drugs are comparatively ineffective against slow or non-growing stationary cells. Furthermore quorum sensing ( QS ) regulated gene expression also contributes to biofilm tolerance. Davies et al. ( 1998) explained that a QS incomplete las I mutant of P.aeruginosa formalized biofilms that were much liable to biocides. Also, biofilms constituted by a las R, rhlR double mutant of P.aeruginosa is more exposed to killing by tobramycin and hydrogen peroxide than biofilms formed by a wild-type counterpart suggestive of biofilm specific QS controlled genes.8 Biofilm development: First, various species release to develop similar structural and functional endpoint over biofilm formation, including the various stage of microcolony formation, matrix embedded mature biofilms, and tolerance to antimicrobial agent. Moreover, these species may or may not employ cell surface structures such as pili, flagella and LPS. Second, the use of various channel for biofilm formation and function occur also within a species like the development of tobramycin resistance in P. aeruginosa.8 The biofilm life cycle. 1: each cells populate the surface. 2: extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced and attachment becomes irreversible. 3 4: biofilm architecture develops and matures. 5: single cells are released from the biofil.9 Manuka honey: Honey has various antimicrobial factors. About 80% of honey content by weight is sugar and it is relatively acidic ( typical pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.5 ), making it unsuitable for microbial growth.6 Manuka honey has been promoted to therapeutic advantage over other honeys which are grown in New Zealand and Australia.10 It is reported to have a high concentration of a trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylglyoxal ; 2-methoxybenzoic acid and methlglyoxal were linearly related in fresh manuka honey.11 Recently it has been documented that the antibacterial activity of this honey is due to reactive methylglyoxal ( MG ) which is more concentrated ( up to 100 times ) in manuka honey compared others honeys.10 This led to the development of an industry standard phenol equivalent named unique manuka factor ( UMF ).11 Where MG is a strong protein-glycating agent and a serious harbinger of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), GM and AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of weakening diabetic wound healing and can adjust the structure and the function of the target molecules. Along with MG, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid and aromatic acids are present in natural honeys.10 Hydrogen peroxide is produced in low concentration by the enzyme glucose oxidase which is present in the honey from bee hypopharyageal glayls. It is produced when honey is diluted with the body fluids and the acidity of the honey is neutralised also the body fluids. If the honey is used as topically like a wound dressing, hydrogen peroxide is formed by dilution of the honey with body fluids. C6 H12 O6 + H2O + O2 C6 H12 O7 + H2O2 The New Zealand beekeeping industry recognized that storage of manuka honey increased the UMF rating and thus also its market value. The colour of honey is linked to the configuration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds output on non-enzymatic caramelisation or Maillard reactions see Figure 2.11 Figure 2. Main properties of manuka honey in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. The black arrow represents known action, the white arrows represent hypothetical mechanisms of action. MG: methylglyoxal; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; MRJP1: major royal jelly protein.3 In addition, ripeness of stored honeys has been showed to increase the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) amount. Another thing is that some beekeeper in New Zealand are heating the honey to manipulate the UMF activity which may raise HMF beyond the current international standard of 40mg/kg for culinary honeys.11 The susceptibility of the honey to effect the action of the cells that are central to the wound healing method has been investigated by exposing monocytic cells to diluted honey and measuring the rate of release of cytokines that indicate cell activitation. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are substantial cellular organizers of wound healing. Impaired healing is formed by numerous, complex factors which are not entirely understood at present, but it has been linked to reduced numbers of macroghages and inactive macrophages. The susceptibility of agents to stimulation such cells therefore has importance in estimate their wound healing potential.12 There were a study published for comparison of desloughing efficacy after 4 weeks and healing outcomes after 12 weeks in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with Manuka honey ( Woundcare 18+ ) vs. Standard hydrogel therapy ( Intrasite Gel ). The study shows 108 patients with venous leg ulcers having à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50 wound area covered in slough, not taking antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy were recruited from ascular centres, acute and community care hospitals and leg ulcer clinics. The efficacy of wound care 18+ to deslough the wounds after 4 weeks and its impact on healing after 12 weeks when campared with IntraSite Gel control was determined. The treatment was applied weekly for 4 weeks and follow up was made at week 12. From the results of the study it was demonstrated that at week 4, mean percentage of reduction in slough was 67% Wound Care 18+ vs. 52.9% Intra Site Gel (p = 0.054). Mean wound area covered in slough reduced to 29% and 43%, respectively (p = 0.065). Median reduction in wound size was 34% vs. 13% (p = 0.001). At 12 weeks, 44% vs. 33% healed (p = 0.037). Wounds having >50% reduction in slough had greater probability of healing at week 12 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 9.7; risk ratio 3.3; p = 0.029). Infection developed in 6 of the WoundCare18+ group vs. 12 in the IntraSite Gel group. The WoundCare 18+ group had increased incidence of healing, effective desloughing and a lower incidence of infection than the control. Manuka honey has therapeutic value. This study confirmd that manuka honey may be considered by clinicians for use in sloughy venous ulcers.13 Calgary Biofilm Plates: The Calgary Biofim Plates was developed at the University of Calgary by their microbiologists. This Device now has a commercial name as The MBEC assay. It working by the idea of the microorganisms to grow on 96 pegs protruding down from a plastic lid. The MBEC assay plate has two parts. The upper part of the plate is polystyrene lid with 96 identical pegs. The mean surface area of each peg is 108.9mm2. The lid is inserted into the lower part of the plate a microtiter plate is set up to contain an inoculated growth medium. The plate is kept on a gyrorotary shaker in an incubator, which provides the shearing force that facilitates the formation of 96 biofilms on the peg lid. Biofilms take shape on the polystyrene pegs when planktonic bacteria adsorb to the surface. In the presence of shear, these bacteria become irreversibly attached and grow to form mature biofilms.14

The Global Warming Conflict: USA vs. Other Countries Essay -- Environm

The Global Warming Conflict: USA vs. Other Countries In my paper, I plan to explain why the United States and other nations cannot get along when it comes to environmental issues. I plan to break up the paper into three sections that contains what global warming is and how it affects the world, the United States problems and conflicts with other counties about this subject, and my own conclusion based on the information I have found. Global warming is a serious issue in today?s society. World powers such as the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia can usually see eye to eye with each other about global warming. Other countries, either less developed or more climate aware, do not agree with the countries that are more industrial, because they want strict regulations on air pollution that the more developed countries do not want. The more industrialized countries complain because they say that in order to keep the world going at a safe and orderly pace, they cannot have a change the lifestyle that we are used to today. Both sets of countries know that the amount of greenhouse gasses need to be lightened, but cannot come up with a viable solution. In order to understand what the countries are talking about, one would have to know why the earth is warming and what exactly is causing it. Greenhouse gasses are what is causing the earth to retain more heat. Greenhouse gasses ?that have increased over the industrial period are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), and chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11.? (2-453) The increase in these gases has caused global warming and it continues to rise today. Factory smoke stacks, car emissions, forests burning, and energy usage that burn fossil fuels produce the highest percentage of the gasses that harm the Earth and continue our warming trend. (5-1) For example, the United States, for the nine month period of January to November 2000, ?had the warmest nine month period since records began in 1895.? because we use the most fossil fuels and put out the most greenhouse gasses (6-1). This was all caused by the growing industrial age that we live in today. Why do greenhouse gases produce global warming? ?Infrared active gases (IR), principally water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ozone (O3), naturally present in the Earth?s atmosphere, absorb thermal IR radiation emitted by the Earth?s sur... ...hat take and do not give. We should do our part in conserving energy, using less fossil fuels, regulating standards for factory emissions, and use better public transportation or the world will keep diminishing slowly. Works Cited 1. Horner, Chris. ?Scientists Continue To Assail Climate Treaty.? http://www.globalwarming.org/cop6horner.htm 2. Fellows, Hall, Killeen, Ledley, Schwartz, Sundquist. ?Climate Change and Greenhouse Gasses? Vol. 80, No. 39. 28 September 1999 p. 453- 475 http://www.agu.org/eos_elec?99148e.html 3. Fuller, Jim. ?Ministers Unable to Reach Agreement at Climate Change Conference? 25 November 2000. Http://globalchange.gov/news/hague_conference_2000_11_25.html 4. Johnson, Kirk. ?Global Warming Moves From Impassioned Words to Modest Deeds.? New York Times 19 November 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/19/science/19CLIM.html 5. Revkin, Andrew C. ?Effort to Cut Warming Lacks Time and Unity.? New York Times 24 November 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/24/science/24CLIM.html 6. Zengerle, Patricia. ?World Powers Trade Charges on Climate Talks? Failure? 26 November 2000 http://dialynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20001126/ts/environment_climate_dc_28.html

Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian Summary

January 17, 2013 Nicole Samuels The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian Chapter 1-3 Summary In chapter one, we are introduced to the narrator, Arnold Spirit, nicknamed Junior. He describes himself, as being of lanky build, with an overly large skull, feet and hands. He has a medical condition called Hydrocephalus, which is an excess of fluid in the skull causing swelling of the brain.Junior went through a very risky surgery at the age of 6 months, which would normally kill or permanently damage the brain of the patient, but luckily came out undamaged. Junior has frequent seizures, a lisp and stutter. He matured having 42 teeth and had to get 10 pulled all at once with minimal novocaine. He could only have cheap glasses with big black frames. He lives on the reservation and is the weakest and smallest of them all so is beat up frequently and belongs to â€Å"the Black-Eye-of-the-Month-Club†. He tells us about how he loves to draw, and that it is the only thing he is go od at.Chapter two is where Junior reveals that he is poor, saying that he is â€Å"just a poor-ass reservation kid living with his poor-ass family on the poor-ass Spokane Indian Reservation†. He also gives us the very important math equation of â€Å"Poverty = empty refrigerator + empty stomach†. He tells about how good a piece of KFC chicken tastes after not eating for a long time. He tells us about how he wishes he could blames his parents for their poverty but cant because he loves them too much and they were born into poverty as were their parents, and their parents, and so on and so forth.He talks about how his parents had dreams but didn’t do anything about it, and draws a picture of who his parents could have been if they had followed their dreams. He tells us about how being poor makes you feel, like you’re hopeless. Junior also delves into a painful memory and tells us about the time he heard his father shoot his dog Oscar, who was his best frien d, and could do nothing about it. In the third chapter we are introduced to Juniors best human friend, Rowdy. Rough, mean, rude, and willing to beat up anything and anyone, Rowdy watches out for Junior.Rowdy convinces Junior to go the Spokane tribe’s annual Labor Day celebration, the Powwow. While there Junior angers Rowdy and Rowdy shoves Junior and he runs away, straight into three 30 year old men who beat him up. Rowdy finds him on the ground and vows revenge, and gets it later that night when the men have passed out. He shaves off their eyebrows and cut off their braids, which are a big deal to native men. Junior tells us more about Rowdy, and in his calculations they have spent more than 48,000 hours in each others company.Chapter 9-11 Summary Junior worries that Roger will take revenge for Junior having punched him in the face, wishing Rowdy were still his friend. He asks his grandmother for advice and she tells him it means that roger respects him, but Junior believes she is just crazy. The next day Junior’s parents don’t have enough gas to drive him to school, so he starts the 22 mile trek to school. Along the way junior runs into Eugene, his father’s best friend. Eugene is an alcoholic of the happy sorts, and he gives Junior a ride to school on his motorcycle.When they arrive at school, all the white kids just stare at junior and Eugene, and Roger passes by Junior but doesn’t kick his butt, only says he’ll see him around, and looks impressed. Juniors pretty pumped over this and says Hi to the porcelain beauty Penelope only to be shot down by her, and thinks to himself that he may have impressed the king but the queen still doesn’t approve of him one little bit. In chapter ten Junior tells us the story of Dawn, a beautiful Indian girl with legendary braids who he fell in love with at the age of twelve.Junior had no shot with Dawn, but still confessed to Rowdy his love for her. Rowdy tells Junior that Daw n does not care about him. At all. But Junior still loves her. And so he cries over her, and tells us he is the opposite of a warrior because he is too emotional. He asks Rowdy to keep everything a secret, and Rowdy does. It is Halloween in chapter 11, and Junior goes to school in the simplest and cheapest costume he can think of, a homeless man, because he already has the wardrobe for it.Penelope goes a homeless woman, saying it is a political statement against the treatment of homeless people in the USA, and is going trick-or-treating for spare change to donate to the homeless. Junior says he is making a statement against the treatment of homeless Native Indians in the USA, and will also go trick-or-treating for spare change, and maybe they cold donate together. Miraculously Penelope agrees. Later that night, while trick-or-treating, Junior is jumped by three guys in Frankenstein masks who kick him, spit on him and take the money for charity.Junior wonders if one of the guys was R owdy. The next day Junior tells Penelope what happened, and she is horrified and tells him she will put his name on her donation anyway. Junior thinks that after this Penelope and he will get closer, but of course this doesn’t happen. You do not become popular overnight. Junior wishes he could go to Rowdy for advice to get Penelope to like him, but already knows Rowdy would say â€Å"The first thing you have to do is change the way you look, the way you talk, and the way you walk. And then she'll think you're her fricking Prince Charming†

The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Essay Example

The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Essay Example The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Paper The current law of Duress and Undue influence is so unclear that it creates chaos rather than certainty in the law Paper Essay Topic: Law If a contract is entered into under duress or undue influence this could be used to make the contract defective. However duress and undue influence are only normally allowed in exceptional cases. For example if a person knows the terms of the contract they are entering into, they enter into the contract with their eyes open and receive independent advise than they wont be able to get out of the contract. However the law on duress and undue influence is not this simple, as there seems to be little or no certainty in this area of law, the legal principles which have been established seem vague and many similar cases have conflicting decisions as the courts seem to apply the law flexibly. Through explaining this area of law illustrating the principles in the cases it will show how chaotic this area of law really is. Firstly there are two types of duress, physical duress that is where someone is forced into the contract against their will. The other form of duress is economic duress this is when one party exerts pressure on the other party to change the terms of the contract or renegotiate. However a party does have the right to alter the terms as long as there is consideration. However many cases where there is duress its in large commercial contracts and here its often difficult to make a distinction between hard bargaining and duress. Although this has to be established as hard bargaining is lawful however duress is not. The problem mainly with duress is that there seems to be little principles as, each case depends on its own facts, it must be shown that the victim had been coerced? When looking at the cases to help establish if the victim was forced into the contract it may need to be asked was it legitimate or illegitimate, lawful or unlawful, and did the victim obtain legal advise. However the cases dont seem to be consistent on this subject, especially when you compare similar cases. Examples of this include, Pau On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 this case involved the sale of a building in Hong Kong, between the sale and completion of the contract there was a chance the shares would fall, buyer therefore said that the deal would be off unless other party made up difference if shares did fall. They did fall, the buyer than tried to use duress. The Privy Council decided the contract wasnt induced by duress, for duress it needs to be shown that it wasnt a voluntary act. So therefore in this case it was just hard bargaining. However in North Ocean Shipping Co v Hyundi Construction Co The Atlantic Baron [1979] QB 705, it was decided duress could be used, in this case the defendant owned a shipyard and had agreed to build the claimant a tanker for a certain price. However it was devalued by 10% so the defendant asked for 10% more money to make up the difference. And if he didnt pay this extra money they wouldnt build the ship or the next ship on order (which were both already rented out as soon as they were built. Duress was allowed to be used to void the contract. This case also said you should look at a persons conduct from the view of a reasonable man. These two cases demonstrate an inconsistency, why was Pau On v Lau Yiu Long found not to be duress, and The Atlantic Baron allowed using duress, they both have very similar circumstances. Maybe in the Atlantic Baron duress was allowed because the ships were already rented out as soon as they were made, so maybe there is more pressure here so its an involuntary act. Or maybe this just shows how inconsistent this area of law is, because although duress seems to be decided on the individual facts of the case, why have these two cases been decided differently with such similar facts. The case of The Universe Sentinel, Universe Tankship Inc v ITWF [1982] 2 QB 705, duress was allowed to be used as it was shown there was pressure amounted to compulsion of will and there was a illegitimacy of pressure exerted. Little of the cases on duress follow other cases as many of the cases it does not seem to be easy to tell whether its duress or not, as many cases could go either way. Even the judges are often uncertain; this is why there are no firm legal principles on this subject. Some examples of this are, CTN Cash Carry v Gallagher Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 714, in this case the defendant sold cigarettes at cut prices, if didnt pay more money to the other party they said they would end the contract and they knew the other party business were dependent on them. They tried to recover money under duress, there was no duress and it was said that, only because the business is in a monopoly position this will not mater, as a monopoly decision doesnt turn something, which isnt duress into duress. This is just hard bargaining. However you could debate this maybe duress, as it is very similar to the case of The Atlantic Baron, which was decided to be duress. Another similar case to the cases above is, Atlas Express Ltd v Kafco Ltd [1989] All ER 641, this contract concerned delivering baskets, however the baskets were larger than atlas expected so they said they needed to be paid more, they had no choice as would not be able to get anyone else to deliver them at that particular time of year. In this case duress was allowed as the agreement was induced by pressure that was illegitimate. Again this seems strange that some cases can use duress and other cannot, such as CTN Cash Carry. It seems to really depend on individual circumstances at this moment of time. This may be because duress in the law of contract is very new compared to the majority of the law, maybe once more cases have been decided some general principles on duress may start to fall into place however at this moment in time the law seems very chaotic with only a small number of cases being decided similarly. Undue Influence is a similar to duress although unlike duress where a person is pressured into the contract undue influence is where a person influences the victim with an unfair advantage over them who pressures them into the contract. Again like duress this area of the law is imprecise and flexible, mainly due to theyre being no precise law on undue influence it normally just depends on the individual facts of the case. Their use to be two types of undue influence, Actual Undue influence and Presumed undue influence. Actual undue influence is when the agreement was of a disadvantage to one party. The case of CIBC Mortgages Plc v Pitt [1993] 4 All ER 433, said that actual undue influence was a species of fraud which a person is not freely and knowingly entering into a contract. Only then will the contract be able to be set aside. Presumed undue influence is where a victim believes his in a relationship of trust and has confidence in the other party, and one party abuses the relationship. However the case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER decided that, these to categories of undue influence were wrong and was bad law, instead it must be shown that the claimant was mis-lead by appearance and there must be an suspicion that something is wrong. By looking at the nature of the relationship and the nature of the transaction, and the weaker party was under emotional pressure then the contract is likely to be voidable. Examples of undue influence include, Goldsworthy v Brickell [1987] 1 All ER 853, in this case a farmer sold some land to his neighbor for a price much lower than its market value as the neighbors help was invaluable to him. Even though there was no pressure on the farmer to do so this was undue influence as there was a dominant relationship. Another example is Lloyds Bank v Bundy [1975] QB 326, In this case Mr. Bundy was elderly and wanted to help his son in business difficulties, as he knew the bank manager used his house to guarantee his loan. Couldnt repay loan and had to sell his house. This was undue influence as there was a close relationship between the bank manager and Mr. Bundy, and he had trust in him. If he wasnt a friend would have got different advise, as when there is a close relationship the party should get anothers advise. This case shows some uncertainty, as normally a contact with a bank manager will not be voidable because of undue influence. It is also likely to be undue influence when its obvious that one party is not getting anything out of the contract for themselves, for example, Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 34 where the party were getting nothing out of the contract except the risk of losing the house. In many cases of undue influence the wife is the weaker party in business decisions however in a normal relationship even when there is pressure on the wife its unlikely to be undue influence as the contract is of interest to the wife. (Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 4 All ER 449). It may only be undue influence if the person in the dominant position has used their position to obtain an unfair advantage for himself. However the law seems to be more confused and not as clear-cut when the weaker party usually the wife actually works in their business or has shares. In many of these cases it wouldnt be right for a weaker party to be able to bring an action of undue influence against a bank, as it is not of public interest. As banks need to be able to get there money back as other people need loans? Therefore the bank should insist that the weaker party should obtain independent legal advice. Barclays Bank v OBrien [1993] 4 All ER 417./ Royal Bank of Scotland V Etridge, also said that the wife should attend a private meeting without her husband where she can be told the extent of her liabilities, and warned of any risks, and put in contact with a solicitor then the actions will be against the solicitor any not the bank. However this is again not a completely clear area of law as again there is conflicting cases for example, Banco exterior v Thomas [1997] 1 All ER 46 where it was said that the bank will have no interest in dealing with personal relationships. Maybe this area of law is again unclear because its relatively new and most relationships between parties are different so maybe its best they are looked at individually, this makes the law more just. So why is there so much chaos in the law of duress and undue influence? The answer to this maybe because this area of law is still being made, and until the judges can understand it and make consistent decisions on it, no principles can be established, until then it is likely to stay uncertain. However it could be argued that this area of law is flexible so therefore can be applied fairly to individual cases, although many would prefer this area of law to become more certain. Especially for businesses that deal with these problems each day such as banks. As more cases go to the courts it is likely that the judges will decide what duress and undue influence is and legal principles, which carry some certainty will be made. It is even possible in the future we may not need duress as undue influence may grow to include areas of duress, the law is likely to become more chaotic before certainty arises, but in the future the law will become more certain and principles will be established on this subject.

Essay English Midterm

Essay English Midterm Essay English Midterm Synthesis In this day and age, technology can be viewed in multiple ways. We are in a century of rapid growth as compared to the previous generations. Some claim that technology has educational benefits. However, others believe that it is just a product and that it creates more problems than it diminishes. Although technology allows children to connect with other people easily, it’s negatives still outweigh it’s positive in the domain of school. Before adapting completely to this new world of technology, schools must consider its negative effects. It creates lack of skill and imagination due to the fast pace of life, which makes the child completely brainwashed by the widespread availability of technology. Although technology is the modern way of learning, a deficiency of valuable life skills are formed due to the ignorance made by technological advancements. As a result of technology, many students have actually grown less cultured and intelligent. According to David Gelenter, à ¢â‚¬Å"our skill-free children are overwhelmed by information even without the Internet† (Source E). The rise of technology has not necessarily improved education or schools in general. Children who spend all their time simply sitting around and playing video games, (which is very unproductive according to Dyson in Source 3), develop a lack of skills and lose the ability to do stuff which children used to do easily in our earlier generations. Just because the kids have the opportunity to use the technology in numerous ways, doesn’t mean it’s beneficial for them always. Gelenter picks at the irony of President Clinton’s argument that technology can give children unlimited access to the world; this would be information overload. Children of our generation are lacking behind due to the decrease in presence of mind because of the technology. Honestly, textbooks develop reading skills and basic focusing abilities. In addition, schools must ignore abundance of t echnology because new electronic devices have been known to distract children immensely causing a lack of imagination and short attention spans. Esther Dyson, in his article, states that the rise of technology in school curriculums is not necessarily a good thing, but is rather a significant, â€Å"Social problem†. He argues that â€Å"environment that often seems to stifle a child’s imagination rather than stimulate it† (Source C). The overfeeding of information usually makes children lose focus and diminish their attention spans. The reckless velocity of life and wide availability of information has stopped children from focusing on things and taken away the little bit of patience that they used to have. On the same hand, Gelenter also claims that, â€Å"Web is a propaganda machine for short attention spans† (Source E). If schools were to adapt these new standard of learning, they would merely contradict their purposes. Education is about overcoming sh ort attention spans and developing discipline on the path of knowledge. In addition due to

Top 8 Free Online Style Guides in English

Top 8 Free Online Style Guides in English Sensible is probably the highest praise that can be given to a style guide. Neither a comprehensive documentation manual (such as the MLA or APA guides) nor a self-improvement book (along the lines of Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style), a publishers style guide should provide practical and consistent advice about matters ranging from abbreviations and preferred spellings to punctuation standards and acceptable terminology. If youre not already committed to one particular code of conventions- such as The Associated Press Stylebook, the journalists bible- consider befriending one of these free online style guides. Each has its eccentricities and limitations, and no two of them agree on every fine point of usage. But theyre all sensible and reasonably consistent.   American Styles National Geographic Style Manual  Online since 1995 and frequently updated by a team of editors, this is an alphabetically arranged guide to preferred National Geographic Society style and usage.​The Tameri Guide for Writers: Generalized Stylebook  Maintained by Susan D. Schnelbach and Christopher Scott Wyatt, the Tameri Stylebook is based on the Associated Press Stylebook, which is the primary style guide for reporters and editors at daily newspapers and many periodicals.​Wikipedia: Manual of Style  This style guide for all Wikipedia articles is intended to help editors write articles with consistent, clear, and precise language, layout, and formatting. British Styles The BBC News Styleguide (pdf) Written by John Allen, a BBC reporter and editor for the past 40 years, this popular manual is not a do and dont list but a guide that invites you to explore some of the complexities of modern English usage.​Economist.com Style Guide  John Grimonds online guide is based on the stylebook followed by journalists at The Economist magazine. The 11th edition of the paperback version of the guide will be published in 2015.​The Guardian and Observer Style Guide  Edited by David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, this is the online version of Guardian Style. The third edition of this witty handbook was published in December 2010.​Telegraph Style Book  Augmented by monthly style notes from associate editor Simon Heffer, this is the official guide to house style for The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and Telegraph.co.uk. Canadian Styles The Canadian Style  Compiled by the Canadian governments Translation Bureau, Canadian Style includes useful advice for drafting letters, memos, reports, indexes and bibliographies along with concise answers to questions concerning written English in the Canadian context.

Hills Like White Elephants, Symbolism and Theme, Ernest Hemingway Research Paper

Hills Like White Elephants, Symbolism and Theme, Ernest Hemingway - Research Paper Example The two characters exchanged words without giving a clue to what they were really talking about so that the reader is left to make his/her own story based on the judgment made from the conversations. Looking at the style of Hemmingway in presenting the story, symbolism could be a more magnified element the author wants the reader to be directed to. Analyzing the story, an individual’s attention is brought to the title of the story as well as the mention of the white elephants in the story. The opening sentence ‘The hills across the valley of the Erbo were long and white’, offers symbolisms right away. Valley symbolizes fecundity (Fraim) and hills, with their rising form represent pregnancy. Thus, the story suggests that the woman in the story is pregnant which is of course not specifically mentioned. The theme of the story will be based on such an interpretation as other symbolisms will be noted in the following discussions. According to Buddhism, an elephant symb olizes strength and steadfastness (Choskyi). Thus, it could be said that the theme of the story is about these symbolic characteristics of an elephant as made out from the conversations of the main characters.

Memo about a country to secretery of state Essay

Memo about a country to secretery of state - Essay Example Also, the rule of Habib Bourguiba after the independence of the nation from 1959 to 1987 has left significant impact on the public education, female liberation and social reform (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2014). The new constitution of the nation is the result of the widespread debate about principal political parties and it has been adopted in the National Constituent Assembly in January 2014. Though it got the support of both Islamic and secularist parties, only its implementation will solve the debate about the role of the religion in public life and the role of the state in controlling religious traditions (Arieff & Humud, 2015). The newly formed democratic government of Tunisia deserves financial assistance from countries which supports democracy. The United States must remain committed towards supporting Tunisia’s struggles to stimulate republic. This is because Tunisia’s approach towards democracy aims at strengthening the civil society, empowering the young generation and the women of the nation, introducing economic reforms, taking the steps towards increasing the participation of the people in the government and reinforcing security within the country. The U.S. must provide support to the Tunisian government to encourage good governance, transparency in the fiscal system and in enhancing management capacity of the civil society organizations. The grants provided to the state through the â€Å"Middle East Partnership Initiative† (MEPI) has helped the nation to expand the economic opportunities for the women and the youth and also encouraged the people to take part in the political system of the country (The White House, 2015). Thus the U.S. must continue to provide additional funds under this program. The U.S has also helped the government by providing technical assistance to implement the freedom of

Can Leaders Really Motivate Employees Assignment - 1

Can Leaders Really Motivate Employees - Assignment Example There are certain employees who want more salary, while there are others who want more power, or other kinds of benefits like accommodation and privileges. Taking these facts into consideration, it can be said that managers motivating employees is a matter of chance. Occasionally, the steps managers take are the ones required to motivate a certain employee, and thus it happens. However, this does not always happen. There are certain ways in which the tendency of an environment to motivate the employees can be enhanced. Still, the influence of that environment upon the employees’ performance would vary from one case to another. Generally, an organization should link reward to performance, and really reward the employees who are found to display better performance. â€Å"To be a successful manager/motivator you must first understand that you cannot motivate anyone. You can only create an environment that encourages and promotes the employees self motivation† (Lowe,

Gas Laws Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gas Laws - Lab Report Example Trough was filled with adequate water and its temperature elevated by three inches and meant to be uniform in all parts before inserting a 250 ml having a single-hole stopper. The inserted flask was put in the water bath in such a case the level of the water reached to its neck and clamped at that position. After about 10 minutes its temperature was taken and recorded as (Ti). Room’s ambient pressure was also taken using barometer, which also the same with that in flask and recorded as (Pi). To determine Tf, the flask was inverted in a water bath for about 10 minutes whereby Vi then Vf were calculated and tabulated as necessitated. Then Pf was obtained using this relation, Pf = Pressure in the laboratory (Pi) – Water vapour pressure Tf. Then the remaining equation meant to obtain final Vf was obtained using the relationship Vf = Vi {Pi / Pf}{Tf / Ti }. A 125 ml flask was covered with an aluminium foil at the top before a pin hole made to allow easy escape of volatile vapour put in the flask. The flask while inserted in the water bath it was heated to the temperature of T. Then the flask was taken out to cool before its contents measured and recorded as m. The volume V of the flask was also measured by filling it with

Tuberculosis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Tuberculosis - Term Paper Example According to the World Health Organization (WHO) approximates, nearly ten million new patients get TB annually, and that around 2 million people died from TB worldwide during 2010. Nonetheless, if TB is identified near the beginning and properly treated, people with the disease soon become non-infectious and are finally cured. Poor cure has caused outbreak of mycobacterium TB strains that do not respond to treatment with regular first line combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs, causing the â€Å"emergence of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis in almost every country† (Bynum, 2012). Tuberculosis is a matter of universal apprehension and a key focus for prevention and control attempts for CDC along with its collaborators throughout the world. The universal program to end TB (2011 - 2015) has marked the objective of 50 percent drop in TB pervasiveness and casualty rates by 2015, in comparison with 1990 levels. CDC chips in to the accomplishment of these objectives by working to enhance the level of TB control plans globally in countries nations with an increased stress of TB and those that add considerably to TB stress within the United States. CDC offers significant scientific sustenance to global collaborators for epidemiology as well as inspection, together with assistance for drug-resistant TB; laboratory support; medical and operational research that assesses hopeful analytics, cure and avoidance approaches. CDC is presently involved with activities to endorse the up-gradation of the â€Å"three is intensified case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control† (Connolly, 2008) and early start of ART for individuals residing with HIV in lesser resource nations with TB/HIV syndemics. CDC’s global TB management activities are largely carried out in high-burden nations and nations of origin for foreign-born US TB cases, collaborating with MOHs and other collaborators to make sturdy national TB programs. CDC has a vital part in

See assignment criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

See assignment criteria - Essay Example 173). Because CP results from the damage in the brain, any injury to the brain during its development that happens before, during, immediately after or after a few years of childbirth potentially causes a child to have this condition. The insult to the brain maybe precipitated by anoxia or absence of oxygen, infections, brain malformations, head injuries, and genetic disorders (â€Å"Cerebral Palsy,† 2009, p. 212). These cases may consequence the affected child with mild, moderate or severe affectations. According to Professional Guide to Diseases, the condition appears to be more common in the male children than in females (2009, p. 173). Peacock (2000, p. 20) highlighted the three ways the children may be affected. They may (a) have weak muscles, (b) lack muscle tone in some muscles, or (c) have tightness in their muscles. Each one can exist without the other; in unfortunate cases, however, a child can have all. Other symptoms include inability to do various motor skills such as reaching, crawling, sitting, walking, writing and grasping things. Balance and gait, speech, and eating are also be affected. The child will also be easily fatigued. Due to the existence of these problems, a child faces more challenging issues as he or she grows. Without cerebral palsy, a person can effortlessly maintain an upright position against gravity with less level of tension demanded from the body and the muscle groups involved in such movement. People â€Å"can automatically adjust our position in a coordinated way to balance and move† (Hinchcliffe, 2003, p. 7). Moreover, the brain normally directs the whole body as to how and when it should move. Specific neural signals are sent to specific receptors which in turn enable the muscles to move as intended (Latash, 2008, p. 195). Since there is damage to the brain affecting this task in people with cerebral palsy, there is impairment in the normal function of muscle control and coordination.

Gas Laws Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gas Laws - Lab Report Example Trough was filled with adequate water and its temperature elevated by three inches and meant to be uniform in all parts before inserting a 250 ml having a single-hole stopper. The inserted flask was put in the water bath in such a case the level of the water reached to its neck and clamped at that position. After about 10 minutes its temperature was taken and recorded as (Ti). Room’s ambient pressure was also taken using barometer, which also the same with that in flask and recorded as (Pi). To determine Tf, the flask was inverted in a water bath for about 10 minutes whereby Vi then Vf were calculated and tabulated as necessitated. Then Pf was obtained using this relation, Pf = Pressure in the laboratory (Pi) – Water vapour pressure Tf. Then the remaining equation meant to obtain final Vf was obtained using the relationship Vf = Vi {Pi / Pf}{Tf / Ti }. A 125 ml flask was covered with an aluminium foil at the top before a pin hole made to allow easy escape of volatile vapour put in the flask. The flask while inserted in the water bath it was heated to the temperature of T. Then the flask was taken out to cool before its contents measured and recorded as m. The volume V of the flask was also measured by filling it with

See assignment criteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

See assignment criteria - Essay Example 173). Because CP results from the damage in the brain, any injury to the brain during its development that happens before, during, immediately after or after a few years of childbirth potentially causes a child to have this condition. The insult to the brain maybe precipitated by anoxia or absence of oxygen, infections, brain malformations, head injuries, and genetic disorders (â€Å"Cerebral Palsy,† 2009, p. 212). These cases may consequence the affected child with mild, moderate or severe affectations. According to Professional Guide to Diseases, the condition appears to be more common in the male children than in females (2009, p. 173). Peacock (2000, p. 20) highlighted the three ways the children may be affected. They may (a) have weak muscles, (b) lack muscle tone in some muscles, or (c) have tightness in their muscles. Each one can exist without the other; in unfortunate cases, however, a child can have all. Other symptoms include inability to do various motor skills such as reaching, crawling, sitting, walking, writing and grasping things. Balance and gait, speech, and eating are also be affected. The child will also be easily fatigued. Due to the existence of these problems, a child faces more challenging issues as he or she grows. Without cerebral palsy, a person can effortlessly maintain an upright position against gravity with less level of tension demanded from the body and the muscle groups involved in such movement. People â€Å"can automatically adjust our position in a coordinated way to balance and move† (Hinchcliffe, 2003, p. 7). Moreover, the brain normally directs the whole body as to how and when it should move. Specific neural signals are sent to specific receptors which in turn enable the muscles to move as intended (Latash, 2008, p. 195). Since there is damage to the brain affecting this task in people with cerebral palsy, there is impairment in the normal function of muscle control and coordination.

Media Censorship Essay Example for Free

Media Censorship Essay In this assignment I will be looking over whether or not the state and/or federal government have the right to censor what we watch, listen to or come in contact with looking more closely at video games and if they have the right to control censoring them according to the articles of confederation. The rights of the federal government and state governments have really nothing to do with them†¦ or should have nothing to do with them. I believe it should go back to what is the constitutional right of the people and what is the right of any government agency according to the constitution. Lets break down the constitution to its bare bones and there we will find the purpose of the government and their responsibilities. There are a lot of things in the constitution but you can break it down into just 6 parts. Form a more perfect union: the first colonies weren’t united when first arriving but soon found that there is strength in unity or being bound together to help each other like an alliance if you will, hence the constitution Establish justice: For a democratic union or government to work and thrive in must have justice within it. Provide for the common defense: A basic system of defense had to be established for defending ourselves against our enemies and foreign threats Secure blessings of liberty: We were built on the idea and principle of individual freedoms and liberty, but boundaries needed too be made to ensure that nobody would infringe on those rights, liberties or freedoms. Promote general welfare: This made the government provide systems and services that were for the public good or wellbeing. Insure domestic tranquility: Government must provide order within the people so there will and can be domestic peace. It also has to keep these people, who know nothing about living or being democratic, from going into anarchy. This says it all and I think can play a large role in our issues with censorship. In June of 2011 the Supreme Court took a stand on voting down California’s request to ban sales of all violent video games to minors. It was shot down 7-2. They turned it down because they said it violated the minor’s rights under the 1st and 14th amendments. In my opinion I think it would be very difficult for a state or even a federal government to control what is allowed to be seen and not seen especially when it comes to things like media and even more so in terms of video games. What I view as too violent isn’t going to be the same as what someone in congress might view as violent. That being said it is the governments job to ensure domestic tranquility. I think the bottom line is media is everywhere and if we censor things like video games and other sources of media to minors if they really want it they are going to get it be cause in this tech savvy world we live in if its illegal and u want it you’re going to find it.

The Human Growth And Development Assignment

The Human Growth And Development Assignment The aim of this essay is to use knowledge of human growth and development to critically discuss the theories a social worker might employ to assess a family and better understand their behaviour. A family profile will be provided and two family members selected for further discussion and the application of appropriate theories. These theories will be critiqued in terms of how they might assist social workers in making informed assessments, as well as where the theories are limited in their application. Family Profile The family within this case study comprises five members, all of whom live together in Elsies home. Table 1 presents the name, age, family position, and nationality of each family member. Sylvie and Greg met when they were 19-years of age. They had been together for 5-years when their daughter Molly was born. They split up when Molly was 1-years old, but got back together 6-years later when Molly was 7-years of age. Greg said that they split up because he was unable to handle Sylvies total lack of trust in him. This caused huge arguments between them, with Sylvie constantly questioning where he was and his commitment to his family. Sylvie said that she was devastated when Greg left, but knew that it was going to happen. During their time apart Sylvie turned to alcohol and drugs, but sought counselling and support for this and the issues in her past. As a result, she has been drug and alcohol free for over 4-years. Greg always maintained a good relationship with Molly during the 6-year separation and she lived with him and her paternal Grandparents at different points when Sylvie was not coping. Molly said that she was happy that her parents got back together. Mason was planned and both Sylvie and Greg felt they had resolved historic issues and were committed as a family unit to having another child. Mason was born with Global Developmental Delay, which is a condition that occurs between birth to 18-years of age and is usually characterised by lower intellectual functioning and significant limitations in communication and other developmental skills. Sylvie blames herself for Masons condition, believing that it must somehow be linked to her wild years of drinking and drug binges. Despite being reassured to the contrary by medical professionals and a social worker, she remains low in mood and feels that she has let everyone down. Sylvie has found bonding with Mason difficult and she feels frustrated by him not meeting his developmental milestones. Mason is in nappies, he is not yet talking, he is very unsteady on his feet and he lacks co-ordination. As a result, he still requires feeding at mealtimes and has not begun to develop independent skills. Sylvie has said that she feels like sending him somewhere. Greg, on the other hand, feels very attached and protective towards Mason and Sylvie feels that he lets him get away with anything. Conflict has developed between Sylvie and Greg, resulting in Greg staying at work longer and meeting up with his friends more in an effort to avoid the arguments and tension at home. Elsie, mother to Greg, owns the large family home in which they all live. Sylvie and Greg decided that they would move in with her shortly after they got back together, as Gregs father died very unexpectedly. The plan was that they would all support one another financially, practically and emotionally. Elsie is very involved with the children as both parents work. However, recently Elsie has been forgetting things, such as collecting Mason from the specialist childminder and this has caused tension between the adults. There have been some difficulties with Molly at school. Sylvie was called in to Mollys school last week as a result of Molly using racist language towards another student. The school state that Molly is very close to being excluded, as a result of her angry and disruptive behaviour. Sylvie broke down upon hearing this and explained about her low mood, feelings of despair and worries about Gregs mum. Sylvie cannot understand the change in Mollys behaviour and said that she and Greg need help. Applying Human Growth and Development to Social Work As part of this essay, there will be a focus on two members of this family: Molly and Elsie. The two theories of human growth and development to be applied to Molly are Attachment Theory and Life Course Theory. The two theories of human growth and development to be applied to Elsie are Ecological Theory and Disengagement Theory. Anti-oppressive practice will underlie the critique and has been defined as a form of social work practice which addresses social divisions and structural inequalities in the work that is done with clients (users) and workers (Dominelli, 1993, p. 24). Anti-oppressive practice is a person-centred approach synonymous with Carl Rogers (1980) philosophy of person-centred practice. It is designed to empower individuals by reducing the negative effects of hierarchy, with the emphasis being on a holistic approach to assessment. Practising in an anti-oppressive way requires valuing differences lifestyles and personal identities. This goes against common sense socialisation which portrays differences as inferior or pathological and which excludes individuals from the social world and denies them their rights. MOLLY Attachment Theory Attachment Theory is a psychological theory based on the premise that young children require an attachment relationship with at least one consistent caregiver within their lives for normal social and emotional development (Bowlby, 1958). Attachment is an emotional bond between an individual and an attachment figure, usually the person who cares for them. Psychologically, attachment provides a child with security. Biologically, it provides a child with survival. Ainsworth et al. (1978) formulated four types of attachment that provide a tool for social workers to assess and understand childrens emotional experiences and psychosocial functioning: secure; insecure, ambivalent; insecure, avoiding; and disorganised. Molly appears demonstrates insecure, ambivalent attachments, where parental care is inconsistent and unpredictable. This type of attachment is characterised by parents who fail to empathise with their childrens moods, needs and feelings. Indeed, Sylvie cannot understand the change in Mollys behaviour, indicating an inability to empathise with Molly. Children with insecure and ambivalent attachments often become increasingly confused and frustrated. They can become demanding, attention seeking, angry and needful, creating trouble in order to keep other people involved and interested. Feelings are acted out, as Molly has been doing at school. This is because insensitive and inconsistent care is interpreted by the child to mean that they are unworthy of love and unlovable. Such painful feelings undermine self-esteem and self-confidence and an understanding of this can ensure that social workers resist stereotypes of the moody, anti-social teenager, and instead explore the underlying reasons for changes in mood. For Molly, the development of an attachment figure was likely to have been compromised during her early developmental years. In particular, when Molly was between the ages of 1 and 7-years old, her mother was addicted to drugs and alcohol and thus was emotionally and physically unavailable. Despite living with her father and paternal grandparents for a period of time, the overall insecurity within her family unit is likely to have impacted her ability to attach to others. If Molly did develop an attachment figure it is most likely to have been with her father or maternal grandparents, who were not unavailable due to drug or alcohol abuse during this vital developmental phase of Mollys childhood. Taking this into consideration, there are a number of significant changes that have occurred in Mollys life and that involve potential attachment figures who have provided Molly with much-needed security and safety. For example, Mollys father, whom Molly has remained close to throughout drama within the family, is no longer at home as much in an effort to avoid arguments with Sylvie. When he is at home, the tension is likely to impact the duration and quality of time spent with Molly. Indeed, marital conflict has been found to influence adolescents attachment security by reducing the responsiveness and effectiveness of parenting (Markiewicz, Doyle, and Brendgen, 2001). Strained marital relationships can also lead to increased marginalisation of the father who can become distanced from their children, as has been the case within this family (Markiewicz, Doyle, and Brendgen, 2001). In addition, Molly has recently lost her grandfather, which her grandmother is also trying to come to terms with. Not only has Molly lost her grandfather, but her grandmothers behaviour is likely to have changed as she comes to terms with her own loss. All of the key attachment figures in Mollys life are either emotionally or physically unavailable at present. It is important to consider this within the context of Mollys current developmental stage, which is that of adolescence. Attachments to peers tend to emerge in adolescence, but the role of parents remains vital in teenagers successfully achieving attachments outside of the home. It is a time when parents are required to be available if needed, while the teenager makes their first independent steps into the outside world (Allen and Land, 1999). Mollys recent problems at school could be the result of this lack of availability from adults in her life. She might also be anxious about losing her father again, creating anticipation and fear about separation from an attachment figures. The anger she expresses at school could be transference of the anger and fear created by her unstable circumstances at home. The fact that she has become racially abusive might suggest that her anger lies with her mother, who is of dual nationality. The main critique of Attachment Theory has been in the guise of the nature versus nurture debate, the former being genetic factors and the latter being the way a child is parented. Harris (1998) argues that parents do not shape their childs personality or character, but that a childs peers have more influence on them than their parents. She cites that children are more influenced by their peers because they are eager to fit in. This argument is supported by twin studies showing that identical twins reared apart often develop the same hobbies, habits, and character traits; the same has been found with fraternal twins reared together (Loehlin et al., 1985; Tellegen et al., 1988; Jang et al., 1998). It is likely that nurture plays a greater role in the younger years, when parents and caregivers are the childs primary point of contact. On the other hand, when a child enters adolescents and engages with society more, nature might take over. Another limitation in Attachment Theory is the fact that model attachment is based on behaviours that occur during stressful separations rather than during non-stressful situations. Field (1996) astutely argues that a broader understanding of attachment requires observation of how the caregiver and child interact during natural, non-stressful situations. It is agreed that behaviours directed towards the attachment figure during separation and reunion cannot be the only factors used to define attachment. Despite these limitations, the theory does provide valuable information regarding relationship dynamics and bonds, which social workers can use to better understanding the individual being assessed. It is, however, important to remember that what is seen as healthy attachment will vary culturally. Consideration of this is crucial to anti-oppressive practice. Life Course Theory Life Course Theory has been defined as a sequence of socially defined events and roles that the individual enacts over time (Giele and Elder, 1998, p. 22). Within this theory, the family is perceived as a micro social group within a macro social context (Bengston and Allen, 1993). According to Eriksons 8 stages of human development, Molly is in stage five, which is characterised by a conflict between identity versus role confusion. Being of dual heritage might cause issues within this stage and within Mollys search for identity. Evidence within the literature has shown that adolescents of dual heritage report more ethnic exploration, discrimination, and behavioural problems than those of single heritage (Ward, 2005). Indeed, this could explain why Molly is being racially abusive, in an effort to determine her own thoughts and feelings on ethnicity and the confusion it can cause. The racial abuse directed at other children might even be representative of her own anger at being of dual heritage. Adolescence is difficult to define, but it is traditionally assumed to be between 12-18 years of age and characterised by puberty (i.e. the transformation from a child to a young person). During this time, hormones strongly influence mood swings and extremes of emotion, which might explain Mollys difficulty controlling her anger at school. Adolescence is also when an individual starts to develop socially, increasing their independence and becoming more influenced by peers. During this time, according to Piagets (1964) theory of cognitive development, an individual enters the formal operational stage and starts to understand abstract concepts, develop moral philosophies, establish and maintain satisfying personal relationships, and gain a greater sense of personal identity and purpose (Santrock, 2008). Risks to social and cognitive development include poor parental supervision and discipline, as well as family conflict (Beinart et al., 2002), showing this to be an important time to in tervene with Molly. It is these biological and social changes during adolescents that can create the stereotype of the moody, anti-social teenager. It is important that social workers do not allow negative stereotypes to influence their expectations of Molly. Instead, they need to take a holistic approach and examine where she is on the life course as well as what the character and quality of Mollys behaviours and relationships tell them about her internal working model, defensive inclinations, emotional states and personality. This ant-oppressive approach will also allow social workers to identify links between past and present relationship experiences. ELSIE Ecological Theory Bronfenbrenners (1977) Ecological Model of human development posits that in order to understand human development, an individuals ecological system needs to be taken into consideration. According to the theory, an individuals ecological system comprises five social subsystems: Micro-system comprising activities and social roles within the immediate environment. Mesosystem processes taking place between two or more different social settings. Exosystem processes taking place between two or more different social systems, at least one of which does not involve the individual but indirectly affects them. Macrosystem includes ideology, attitudes, customs, traditions, values and culture. Chronosystem change or consistency over time in individual characteristics and environmental characteristics. Ecological Theory is, overall, a model of how the social environment affects the individual, with these five systems interacting and thus influencing human growth and development. Elsies ecological system has been continually changing for many years. At one point she was living with her husband, son, and her granddaughter. This was followed by living alone with her husband. On losing her husband, Elsies son moved in with his wife and two children, one of whom has a disability. There has been very little environmental stability within Elsies life, at least over the last 7-years or more. It is perhaps understandable that her health has started to deteriorate. She has recently lost her husband, experienced continually fluctuating environmental conditions, and is now living in a tense atmosphere due to issues within her sons marriage. It is also important to note that, childrens behaviour and personality can also affect the behaviour of adults; Elsies behaviour might be negatively affected by her granddaughters struggle through adolescence and her grandsons disability. Taking into consideration Elsies ecological system highlights the importance of not making assum ptions that Elsies increased forgetting is a sign of dementia; her symptoms may be the result of stress within her ecological system. Despite the relevance of this theory to understanding Elsies situation, the critique does highlight limitations in its operationalisation (Wakefield, 1996). In particular, since past experiences and future anticipations can impact an individuals current well-being, lack of inclusion of this element of human growth and development within the Ecological Model is a serious limitation. In addition, the emphasis of the model is on adaptation and thus it has been argued that the theory can be abused and used to encourage individuals to accept oppressive circumstances (Coady and Lehman, 2008). Social workers using this theory in their assessments ideally need to be aware that oppression and injustice are part of the environment that needs to be considered in an ecological analysis. With this consideration, the theory offers social workers a way of thinking about and assessing the relatedness of individuals and their environments; the person is assessed holistically and within the context of their social circumstances. Disengagement Theory Disengagement has been described by Cumming and Henry (1961) as an inevitable mutual withdrawal . . . resulting in decreased interaction between the ageing person and others in the social systems he belongs to (p. 227). Within their theory, they argue that older people do not contribute to society with the same efficiency as the younger population and thus become a societal burden. In order to function, therefore, society requires a process for disengaging older people. By internalising the norms of society, older people become socialised and take disengage from society due to a sense of obligation. The theory further purports that the extent to which an individual disengages determines how well they adjust to older age. In other words, continued withdrawal from society in later life has been deemed the hallmark of successful and happy ageing. Applying this theory to Elsies situation, it could be that the problems surrounding her forgetfulness in collecting her grandson from school is a step towards social disengagement. Furthermore, it could be theorised that this disengagement was prompted by her husband taking the most extreme form of disengagement, which is death. There has, however, been much critique of this theory, including the fact that many older people do not conform to this image and remain actively involved in life and in society. Hochschild (1976) has criticised the theory with what has been termed the omnibus variable. Hochschild points out that while an older person might experience disengagement from certain social activities, such as retiring from work, they are likely to replace this with something else that is socially engaging such as being more involved in the community or becoming more family-oriented. Indeed, Hochschilds biggest challenge to Disengagement Theory was the presentation of evidence from Cumming and Henrys own data showing that many older people do not withdraw from society. Disengagement Theory creates a picture of older people as lacking freedom to act on their own, thus ignoring individual ageing experiences and describing the ageing process in a purely social context (Gouldner, 1970). Indeed, Estes et al. (1982) argues that disengagement is often forced upon older people, which supports the notion that old age is just as much a social construction as it is a biological process. Older people are, in many ways, socialised into acting old. Thus, older age is strongly related to Labelling Theory (Rosenthal and Jacobson, 1968). For example, making assumptions about old age and having low expectations of older people can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. This again raises the importance of not assuming that Elsies forgetting is a sign of dementia; despite being seen as a natural consequence of ageing, only a minority of people develop dementia (Stuart-Hamilton, 2006). In many ways, Disengagement Theory serves to legitimise the marginalisation of older people and is, it could be argued, ageist and discriminative. Ageism is the application of negative stereotypes and includes actions such as categorising older people separately from adults. This has created immense debate within social work practice, with it being believed by some that distinguishing older people from adults is oppressive and can exacerbate social isolation. Tackling social isolation is being encouraged in efforts to prevent deteriorating health in older age, suggesting that disengagement is far from the ideology purported by Cummings and Henry (DH, 2010). The introduction of the Equality Act 2010, which replaces the existing duties on the public sector to promote race, disability and gender equality, now comprises a single duty to promote equality across eight protected characteristics, one of which is age. The Act also includes provisions allowing the government to make age discri mination in service planning and delivery unlawful. This is likely to be implemented in 2012 and thus it is crucial that social workers make anti-oppressive practice in the form of tackling ageism a priority. There needs to be a move away from viewing older people as an homogenous group characterised by passivity, failing health, and dependency, as highlighted within Activity Theory. Activity Theory (Leontev, 1978) is a direct challenge to Disengagement Theory in that it suggests that life satisfaction is related to social interaction and level of activity. Nevertheless, as with all theories discussed within this essay, Disengagement Theory can be applied to understanding Elsies situation without being oppressive and without taking the extreme position that originally inspired the theory. More modern approaches to human growth and development clearly show the benefits of social engagement versus disengagement; however, disengagement remains a key factor to consider due to ageist attitudes and the socialisation of old age. Conclusion This essay has utilised theory and knowledge of human growth and development to demonstrate how social workers can make an informed assessment of a complex family situation. The strengths and limitations of these theories have been discussed, drawing in particular on their application within anti-oppressive practice. All theories offer a better understanding of human growth and development, with some requiring specific adaptation to encompass the core values of social work practice. Such adaptation is not necessarily a disadvantage if the key strengths of each theory are utilised alongside the knowledge and expertise of the social worker.

The Pros and Cons of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Essay example --

Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as ECT, is a medical procedure that is used in the treatment of mental illness. In ECT, a small electrical impulse is sent through the brain, resulting in an ephemeral seizure. Though the process is generally effective, modern science is unaware of the explanation behind ECT's success. Its history is filled with a large amount of stigma and the use of ECT as a therapy is still debated today. ECT has evolved to a point where its beneficial effects can be maximized and its adverse effects can be minimized through proper administration. The ancient Romans were the first to use electricity to treat disease several thousand years ago; however, â€Å"electrical medicine† has improved and has been utilized in the forms predating ECT in a relatively short amount of time. In the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, doctors began to notice that giving people camphor could â€Å"cure lunacy† (Abrams, 2002). The doctors noticed that when administering camphor orally, it caused seizures, and upon waking up, were â€Å"in a rational state† (Abrams, 2002). In fact, in 1798, a German scientist reported that 80% of manic patients that were treated with camphor and had seizures, were cured (Abrams, 2002). As medical and technological advances occurred, so did the use of inducing a seizure to cure mental illness. In 1934, a scientist was able to bring a schizophrenic patient, who had been on a hunger strike and had not moved in four years, to recovery through a seizure that had been brought on by camphor (Abrams, 2 002). And, â€Å"thus, convulsive therapy was born† (Abrams, 2002). By the end of the year, this scientist published results of the same action given to twenty-six schizophrenics, ten patients were cured, thirteen had no re... ...ll be given. Even as ECT's use fades out, the impacts of the research will lead to necessary, and important, scientific findings. Works Cited Abrams, Richard. Electroconvulsive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. Print. Dahl, Melissa. "Shock Therapy Makes a Quiet Comeback." Msnbc.com. 6 Aug. 2008. Web. "Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Benefits & Side Effects." WebMD. 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. Fitzgerald, Paul. "It's Time to Move on from ECT's Shocking past." The Conversation: In-depth Analysis, Research, News and Ideas from Leading Academics and Researchers. 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)." Mayo Clinic. 9 July 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. "Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy During Pregnancy -- Miller 45 (5): 444 -- Hosp Community Psychiatry." Psychiatric Services. May 1991. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.

Contrasting American and European Horror Movies Essay -- Movie Film Es

Contrasting American and European Horror Movies A common complaint about many film critics is that they tend to fall over themselves in praising anything with subtitles, regardless of quality. For most critics it seems there is a simple equation in analyzing foreign pictures: subtitles=great moviemaking that is not exploitative. When the borderline hardcore French film Romance (1999) was released critics were effusive with their lauding of a film that deals (arguably) with sex in a realistic manner. Even respected guys like Roger Ebert confessed to "not really enjoy[ing] it, and yet I recommend it." Apparently Ebert was not aware of the fact the movie uses filmmaking techniques similar to hardcore porno (the editors cleverly cut away from scenes before the "money shot" can occur) and follows the trajectory of many pornographic films in which a nubile young lass goes from man to man in an effort to find orgasm. The same pattern also applies to foreign horror. Foreign horror is "moody" and "atmospheric" while American horror is "cheap" and "exploitative." What many fail to notice is that both foreign and American horror use many of the same images and devices. In the distinct universe that is the horror film both the higher end pictures (in this case the foreign horror movies) find themselves amongst the so-called exploitative low-end (American horror). Frequently in film analysis it is, as Joan Hawkins writes, "overlooked or repressed...to the degree to which high culture trades on the same images, tropes, and themes which characterize low culture." A fine example of the separation of foreign and American horror can be found in a comparison between Dario Argento's Suspiria and Sean S. Cunningham's Friday the 13th (1980)... ... equally gory and equally exploitative Suspiria is Friday the 13th's emphasis on physical violation. Suspiria also works toward creating fear through physical torment, but it is set in what could be best termed a "dream world," whereas Friday is set in a more realistic (to American audiences at any rate), non-dreamlike setting. Therefore the physical violation in Friday is made more urgent, it hits closer to home, than much of the surreal killing in Argento's piece. In watching Suspiria the audience is permitted to know that the filmmakers know that all they are doing is playing a head game, while in Friday the 13th the audience is stuck in their chairs watching killing after killing occur without benefit of a psychological explanation. There is a lack of what Williams terms "aesthetic distance...viewers feel too directly, too viscerally, manipulated by the text."

Relate the Short Story to Any of Your Personal Experiences? Essay

I’m writing this article because I get a fair share of e-mails from people asking about winning the lottery via subtle realm methods, i. e. , astral projection. I personally have used astral projection to see the daily lottery so I know it’s possible. As for if you are for or against it, that’s no concern of mine. I don’t judge why a person wants it for that’s none of my business. I believe our universe is abundant and poverty is a man-made state. What you do with your money is also your business. I save my judgments for myself only. This ability isn’t also just reserved for astral projectors. I personally know of three other women who have seen via dreams 5 of the 6 numbers who played them and won. I think women have a slightly easier time of it due to social programming but we are all of the same make-up ultimately so it’s doable by any sex. Over and over I tell people that all the human shell (body) is, is a filter. All knowledge is â€Å"out there† and we only pick up bits of it because of our filter. Lessen the density of the filter and you’ll receive more data. It’s as easy as that. Leave your body and you’ve taken a huge leap towards removing the filter but even the astral is a filter, though a much finer one than the physical. So you can help get through this filter either through astral projection (often these APs are disguised as dreams), hypnosis, remote viewing or really getting connected to the higher self. It’s similar to the three B’s of inspiration or insight (bed, bath, bus). The ego has to be set aside, the mind is quiet and receptive, and the data is then allowed to pass through. There are other things we can do to lessen our density; think very high thoughts (love resonates the highest), eat no meat, refrain from things like drinking too much, smoking and other things that clog up the chakras and ultimately the aura. When I fast for awhile, I feel as light as a feather and I pick up a much broader frequency range of psychic data. If you want to win the lottery, develop a plan. I’ll try and help if I can.

Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist

Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist Functionalist and Symbolic Interactionist SO1050 Sociology Functionalist, also known as structural functionalism because of its views on the ways social structures accompanies social needs. In perspective, functionalism structures social influences by what is visible and in demand now. (Boundless. com/Sociology)Functionalism has been criticized for downplaying the role of individual action, and for being unable to account for social change. In the functionalist perspective, society and its institutions are the primary units of analysis.Individuals are significant only in terms of their places within social systems (i. e. , social status and position in patterns of social relations). Functionalists have been disputed because of its terms of how socialism is accounted, because of how it lacks the support and accredited ability of one’s actions and how socialization transforms during its process. Functionalist is the oldest theory but the most popular one used to determine groups because of its basic terms toward how social groups react and functions of how the mind and body works.The structure of how people interact with others and the ability to fit in certain groups are determined by the mind state of acceptability. When evaluating functionalism it is more of a hypothesis that could be proven right or wrong in its factor of determining how society works when it comes to grouping and organizations of people by characteristics. (Boundless. com/Sociology)Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.Symbolic Interactionist, known also as symbolic interaction perspective, is a form of social grouping based on how people are forcefully placed into groups, events and social organizations. Unlike functionalism, Symbolic Interactionist believes that peer pressure and environmental ex posure has much effect over socialization and its developments. People adapt and form social lifestyles by what they are exposed to, such as cigarette smoking, drinking, dating, etc. When ressured into doing something for the first time just to have some forms of acceptance, people tend to try things and develop habitual behaviors that are introduced by peers. (Anderson, M. L. and Taylor, H. F. , 2009). Critics of this theory claim that symbolic interactionism neglects the macro level of social interpretation—the â€Å"big picture. † In other words, symbolic Interactionist may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the â€Å"trees† rather than the â€Å"forest†.The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. The theory of Symbolic Interactionalist has been criticized because critics believe that it focused too much on individuals and how they react to p ersonal ways of how people react to wanting to be a part of a group and/or organization, that it lacked the focus of how groups and organizations are developed based on its biological influences.I believe that the symbolic theory has a better and clearer perspective of all theories because it focuses on how peer pressures and environmental behaviors has its influences on people as individuals, which eventually becomes a group or organization of socialization when manipulated by the growth of numbers. Functionalists do make a great point about how everything works together as one unit when it comes to social groups and the coordination of how socialism is formed.I do not agree with the full aspect of functionalists but the co-ordinance of its concept does make some sense. Symbolic Interactionalist forms its theory by reviewing probable causes using surroundings and its peers as a way of understanding social formations. I choose the Symbolic Theory because of its somewhat accuracy of how groups and organizations are formed and past down from generation to generation.I do believe peers and a person’s environmental surroundings have much to do with social connections and how its functions are developed. Reference Boundless. com- https://www. boundless. com/sociology/understanding-sociology/theoretical-perspectives-in-sociology/functionalist-perspective/ Copyright  © 2011-2012, Boundless Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Anderson, M. L. and Taylor,

Aids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aids - Essay Example It can also be transmitted through infected blood transfusions. Drug addicts who use syringes are also at a high risk of developing the disease. It can be transmitted to the fetus from the mother during pregnancy as well as during birth and nursing. The disease affects the major systems of the human body owing to the suppression of immunity by the virus. It can result in severe conditions which include pneumonia as well as cancers like Kaposi’s sarcoma. The treatment for the condition is mainly antiretroviral therapy. Prevention is aimed at awareness. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a pathological condition which is referred to as a syndrome owing to the fact that this disease affects many systems of the human body and is characterized by many secondary infectious diseases as well as cancers arising from different cells. It may also affect the nervous system of the patient and hence the patient presents with signs and symptoms of nervou s disease. This syndrome is led to by the human immunodeficiency virus. This virus and the resulting disease were identified in the year 1981. The virus possesses the ability to decrease the efficacy of the immune system of the human body and hence it puts a person at risk of the development of many diseases that would not occur in a normal healthy person. The pathology has led to increased attention from international health organizations due to the severity of the disease accompanied by the fact that the number of infected people keeps on increasing every year (Davidson et al 2006, Levinson 2008, Robbins et al 2005). Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has been ranked as the second most common pathological condition across the world which explains the fact that this disease follows a global pattern. It has been labeled as an epidemic due to the increased presentation of the number of cases. In Africa it has been identified as the first most common reason of death and has been repor ted to lead to more than 20 percent of deaths in the region. Ever since the disease has been identified, it has been linked to greater than 20 million deaths around the world. The World Health Organization presented with the findings that 39.4 million people had AIDS or were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in the year 2004 (Davidson et al 2006, Levinson 2008). 70 percent of the people who suffer from this disease belong to Africa. In the year 2002, it was identified that 900,000 residents of the United States were suffering from the disease. Amongst the residents of the U.S., it is considered to be the second reason of death amongst the males of the age group 25 to 44. On the other hand, amongst the females of this age group, it is ranked as the third life taking reason. The pathology is also found to affect young children below the age of 13 years. It has been analyzed that 2 percent out of the total cases of the disease affects these children. In 2002, 800,000 more children were affected with this syndrome (Robbins et al 2005, Levinson 2008). There are many underlying causes that can result in AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus which is the causative organism for this disease prevails in the fluids of the human body which include the blood, semen, saliva as well as milk from the mammary glands. Thus contact with infected body fluids increases the susceptibility of contracting the disease (Davidson et al 2